What is a mammogram?

There are two types of mammograms:

• Screening mammogram: used to find any breast changes in women who have no signs of breast cancer. Often two X-rays are taken of each breast. A mammogram can find a tumor before it can be felt.
• Diagnostic mammogram: used to diagnose abnormal breast changes. These may include a lump, pain, nipple thickening or discharge, or a change in breast size or shape. More pictures are taken than during a screening mammogram. A diagnostic mammogram is also used to check any problems found on a screening mammogram.

X-rays of the breast are different from X-rays for other parts of your body. The breast is squeezed, or compressed, by the mammogram equipment. This spreads the breast tissue apart. Because of this, the radiation dose is lower. 

You may feel some mild pain when your breast is compressed, but this pressure is needed to keep the radiation level low. It also helps take the best picture of your breast tissue. The compression only lasts for a few seconds for each image of your breast.

A breast health nurse or X-ray technologist often takes the X-rays. The films are read by a radiologist, who gives the results to your healthcare provider.

Calcifications are tiny mineral deposits in the breast tissue. There are two types of calcifications:

• Macrocalcifications. These are larger calcium deposits that often mean worsening changes in the breast. These changes may include aging of the breast arteries, past injuries, or swelling or inflammation.
• Microcalcifications. These are tiny (less than 1/50 of an inch) specks of calcium. When many microcalcifications are seen in 1 area, they are called a cluster.

Masses may happen with or without calcifications. Masses may be caused by:

• A cyst. This is a noncancer (benign) collection of fluid in the breast. It can’t be diagnosed by a physical exam alone or by a mammogram alone. A breast ultrasound or aspiration with a needle is needed. If a mass is not a cyst, you may need more tests.
• Benign breast conditions. Some masses can be checked with regular mammograms. But for others you may need a biopsy.
• Breast cancer

Different health experts have different recommendations for women who have no symptoms of breast cancer. Talk with your healthcare provider to find out which screening guidelines are right for you. If you are at higher risk for breast cancer, talk with your provider about:

• Starting screening mammograms earlier
• Having additional tests such as a breast ultrasound or MRI
• Having mammograms more often
• How do I find out my test results?

The physician’s office who ordered the mammogram for you will notify you of your imaging results. You may also access your results using the MyCovenantHealth online portal and app.